This is a revision and an expansion of an article I wrote for Multiverse #3,in 1980,entitled "Ninja in the Belfry", and a minor revision and updating of an 80 page booklet I published in 1988, entitled The Samurai.

There were a number of errors and inaccuracies in the first version which I wished to correct. I also wished to look at the historical background in more detail. Ideally ,I'd like to do a 'Concordance' type publication but that would be impossible without the series being repeated on TV or released to video in toto so that I could record all the references to places and people, not just the few I can remember. Neither is likely to happen any time soon since the Nine Network no longer has its copy of the series. A number of episodes have ended up in private hands and nine of these have been released to video. Even the Siren release of complete stories has stopped short after only three and anyway was only to be of six. So for the booklet I decided to put together as much information as possible in the one place for my own amusement and, hopefully that of others who remember the show. That there is the interest around is demonstrated by the number of requests I've had for photocopies of "Ninja in the Belfry" years after it went out of print and the fact that the booklet went through several printings.

Obviously, since I was relying on old memories, the booklet (on which this is based) is still not as complete as I'd like, particularly in story synopses. Some are better covered than others. Too, I have to admit to a prejudice, towards the character "Fuma Kotaro/Kongo of Koga" rather than some to some of the other villains (I always did prefer the ninja to the samurai hero). Kotaro's last desperate duel with Shintaro near the Fire Tower, his long hair flying about his shoulders, was what first really drew me to The Samurai though it was Kongo who was my first and all-time favourite and has remained so. [Those readers of MV will notice that 1 have split this character into two for my own stories in my own universe. 1 found Kotaro and Kongo sufficiently different in physical appearance and character to warrant making them brothers. Thus I can exploit both sides of the same coin to the fullest extent.]

It is interesting to note that three of the most enduring cult TV shows of the 1960s were produced on next to nothing - The Samurai, Dr. Who and Dark Shadows. Dr. Who was notorious for the amount of quarries it used for various alien planets. Dark Shadows' budget was so tight they couldn't even afford a quarry. Instead there was a great reliance on stock footage shot before the series started in and around Exeter, Connecticut (for the town of Collinsport), the Spratt Mansion at Tarrytown (for the Old House) and the Carey Mansion at Newport, Rhode Island (for Collinwood). For the rest it was shot entirely in the studio. Dr. Who also had its share of studio-bound episodes, especially in the 1960s. The Samurai likewise sported the odd quarry, most notably in "Touch of Death" where one almost expected them to round the corner and run right into the good Doctor and the BBC crew, so like Betchworth did it appear. However, a great deal of it was shot on location around various temples and castles in the Tokyo-Yokohama-Odawara region,

All three borrowed, often heavily from older sources. Dr. Who used Greek myth, either directly or indirectly, Gothic literature, Sherlock Holmes, to name a few. Both Dark Shadows and The Samurai shamelessly ransacked their respective genres: Gothic literature and films on the one hand, and samurai and ninja novels on the other, often incorporating ideas at the last minute. Shooting for all three was done quickly, though at least The Samurai and Dr. Who could afford retakes most of the time and spared us the notorious microphone-boom shadows of the American soap. And all three often boasted beautiful costumes, despite their budgets (one thinks of Dr. Who's "Marco Polo" story and many of the other historicals, including "Masque of Mandragora", Dark Shadows’ many flashbacks, especially to 1795 and 1840 and the costumes of the officials, the boy shogun and even the attractive summer clothing Shintaro and his friends wore in The Samurai).

Finally, all three had two feature film spin-offs produced during their run. Two of them had plays derived from them during their run which featured their chief nemesis - Dr. Who had Curse of the Daleks in 1965 and The Samurai's 1965 play featured ninja heavily. Even Dark Shadows had a play done, featuring Barnabas, but not until decades later.

This revision is divided into five parts. The first is a general introduction; the second describes the historical background used for The Samurai and sets it in context; the third looks at the program's origins in Japan, the background against which the phenomenon occurred; the fourth looks at the impact it had in Australia and the fifth gives biographical information about the actors and a complete episode guide with both Japanese and Australian airdates. Included are not only the original Samurai series, but The New Samurai and also the short-lived 1973 revival which was never released in Australia. There is also a section on the video releases of certain episodes plus the DVD and video release from Siren Visual Entertainment of six consecutive series from mid-2002 to 2003 (so far).

At the end is an appendix which includes further details for those who are interested such as reprints of some of the articles and letters in the Australian press on the series and more detailed biographies of some of the historical characters mentioned or appearing in the series. There is also material on Phantom Agents including an episode guide.

Before Blake's 7, before Star Wars, before The Man From Uncle and even before Dr.Who there was another media phenomenon in this country - The Samurai. Though remembered by few people under 45 now, it had the same impact on the pre-teen set here at the time as Dr. Who had in Britain - if you read 'ninja' for 'Dalek'. I know, for I lived through both phenomena in both countries. The school playgrounds and streets saw hundreds of children turning handsprings, hurling cardboard 'starknives' (shuriken) and waving imaginary swords as they played 'samurai and ninja'. It was the most popular programme in TCN-9's (a Sydney commercial TV channel) history up to that time, its popularity surpassing even that of The Mouseketeers, which bore the palm to that time. So popular was it that an entrepreneur brought out the star from Japan to appear in a specially written 90 minute stage play based on the series in Sydney and Melbourne, a presentation which played to capacity houses in both cities.

Just why it was so popular in Australia was something that baffled not only the TV programmers and the press but also educators, parents and even the Japanese star and production company. This has never been properly explained and probably never can be. It was one of those 'sports', a combination of the right elements at the right time which gives rise to such successes as Blake's 7, Star Trek, Star Wars or Dr.Who. Reams can be written without arriving at a satisfactory answer. Let us go back in time to its first run.

It is early 1965,late summer, around January-February. Sir Robert Menzies is still Prime Minister as we are in the tail end of the 'Menzies era' with all that stood for in terms of conservatism; Australia is still 'the lucky country'; Australian troops are not yet committed to the war in Vietnam; decimal currency will not be introduced for another 12 months so we are still using £.s.d. ; Australia is still very much oriented towards Britain and the Commonwealth of Nations as Britain has not yet joined the EEC; TV is in black and white and only 9 years old. Then, as now, most programmes are either British or American with a handful of locally made ones (SBS is not even a glimmer in someone's eye).

Among the British ones, Dr. Who has just started its run on the ABC. For the rest, they are the usual collection of dramas, police shows, war series, westerns, doctor shows and old films. Amongst the local products are current affairs programmes, quizzes, variety shows, the occasional drama or play and the popular and controversial satirical revue, The Mavis Bramston Show. In addition ,there were two solitary Japanese TV series ,one a cartoon, Astroboy (Tetsuwan no Atomu) and the other, The Samurai (Onmitsu kenshi). Why or how they came to be there represented a gamble, an experiment on the part of the TV channels concerned as the Japanese population of Sydney (indeed Australia) was minimal and the interest in Japan seemed likewise at the time.

To my brother and myself (aged 10 and 13 respectively) who had but newly arrived in Sydney from London and who had been informed by schoolmates that The Samurai was, in the idiom of the time, 'massive' viewing, watching this series set in feudal Japan was a total revelation and a whole new experience, like so many other things in Australia. Prior to that we thought of Japan (if we thought of it at all) as "the place where the transistors come from."

Now we were shown something of its history, its customs, its traditions, its martial arts and its scenery. In an immediate and vital way we came to care about some of its admittedly fictitious citizens and what had hitherto been a mark on the atlas came to life for us, became a reality. How many other children of a similar age group also came to have some glimmerings of an understanding or interest in Japan and its culture as a result of this early exposure to The Samurai is anyone's guess. It served to make a whole generation aware of one of our near neighbours in a way no amount of documentaries could by capturing the imagination and telling a very basic story of right and wrong and derring-do in a different, even exotic background.

In my own case, it had an impact on my life as no other TV program - not even Star Trek or Dr. Who - has had, for it shaped my academic studies and my career. Because of that early and fascinating exposure to Japan, I majored in the Japanese language and Asian Civilization at the Australian National University, gaining a degree in Asian which led to my becoming a Japanese-language librarian in charge of one of the largest collections of Japanese books outside Japan and the United States.

Interestingly, since the 1970s, Japanese studies in this country have increased dramatically. Australia has the largest number of people studying Japanese per capita in the world (outside of Japan, of course!), which is something which a number of Japanese writers and journalists have commented and written about, analysed and discussed in sundry articles and books. After a decline in the mid 80s, there is once more a boom, called a 'tsunami' where enrolments in Japanese language courses at universities have gone up by 130%. The intense interest in Japan and the close ties between the two countries has more to do with economics (Japan being one of Australia's main trading partners) and any connection with The Samurai-craze of the 60s is probably tenuous, except in cases like my own, but it is interesting to speculate on the basis that might have been laid on this generation of Australians by that program. It certainly did inspire a great many to take up martial arts as the press reported at the time.

TV critics and those people who wrote in the TV guides to praise it commented on the beauty of the photography and the settings, the heroic qualities of the main characters, their good looks and appeal, the swordsmanship and acrobatics displayed and the way it portrayed another culture and history, so different from what was usually seen on TV, such as westerns and war films. Children, particularly, were attracted to the acrobatics and many would try to emulate these by leaping and prancing about, trying to be ninja. Some made shuriken out of cardboard to hurl about.

The show had its critics, however. The most notable was the headmaster of a Sydney boys' prep school, Mr R.H. Morgan. He called it sadistic, cruel and violent, a view some others shared because of the swordplay and the Japanese penchant for graphic scenes of dripping blood and lopped-off limbs, though such scenes in the series were nowhere near as detailed or as common as in their movies. Morgan's comments sparked off a storm of controversy in the letter columns of the press. Other people complained that it lacked realism - the hero was just too good with his sword, the ninja did the impossible, etc. Yet others said it was silly and badly acted the result of the dubbing which was woeful. However, for every critic in print there were three or four to defend it, also in print. Looking back now over these letters preserved in my scrapbook for the past 40 years, one cannot help but be struck by the incredible narrow-mindedness and intolerance bordering on racism of some of the critics. As a rule, though, the only criticism most letter-writers had was that it was shown too early in the afternoon for most of them to see it.

It was the first Japanese TV series to be shown in Australia and so had the impact of novelty to recommend it. Plans to screen others apart from The Phantom Agents (Ninja Butai Gekko), The New Samurai (Shin onmitsu kenshi) and a number of cartoons never eventuated for reasons best known to the TV networks here. The demand was certainly there as letters in the press asking for more would indicate. We had to wait until 1981 and Monkey (Saiyuki), NET's version of the old Chinese classic, which caused every bit as much controversy as The Samurai, again chiefly because of violence and apparent incomprehensibility. It, too, had its staunch fans. In the late 1980s and early 1990s SBS screened a couple of Japanese TV dramas, Oshin and Rin (Hanare konma),these were more historical soap-operas and a far cry from the action and intrigue of The Samurai, though their one excursion into showing an NHK Taiga Drama, Takeda Shingen came a bit closer. Sadly they have never shown any others.

But what of the series itself? Watch and listen:

A kimono-clad figure with two swords thrust through his obi is walking, back to the camera, towards the stone walled base of a Japanese castle. Suddenly a group of black clad, black-hooded figures spring from cover, swords drawn, only their eyes visible. The swordsman turns to them, raising the basket-like hat covering his head to reveal his face. The black-clad ones fall back.

"Who are you?" one demanded.

"A samurai," the other replies.

"A samurai?" they echo as the title, 'The Samurai', written as if in brush and ink, appears over the tableau, accompanied by the theme music played on traditional instruments. And so another episode from the second season begins, leaving a whole generation of Australian children to wonder what the hell was so fascinating about being a samurai.

Or from another story from the first season:

Two tall Japanese-style candles burn, some distance apart in the darkness. On the tatami mat between them is a partly unrolled scroll covered with Japanese ideographs. A deep voice intones, "Three hundred years ago, in Japan, there were two societies who called themselves--ninja. One was Iga, the other Koga. They were professional spies and assassins, experts in acrobatics, swordsmanship, judo, karate and hypnotism. The secret scroll of the ninja had three rules: To train your body to endure any hardship; to forget all of your friends and family and keep your real identity secret; to accept death rather than divulge any of the secrets of the society of ninja." As he spoke, items of ninja equipment were tossed by an unseen hand into the area lit by the candles.

There was a haunting sadness and eeriness to the various theme and incidental music which were often played on traditional instruments, particularly the drum and flute, or mixed with a modern orchestra, thus imparting a strange beauty seldom encountered in TV themes. In 1979 a LP featuring the theme music, songs and incidental music together with excerpts of spoken dialogue from selected episodes was released in Japan by King Records. An EP of the theme song was released at the time of the series' run in Japan in the 60s. Neither record was released in Australia.

[Historical Background] [The Phenomenon in Japan] [The Phenomenon in Australia] [The Samurai on Video] [Cast & Characters] [New Samurai] [1973 Revival] [Phantom Agents] [Australian Press on The Samurai] [Episode guide - Man From Edo] [Episode guide - Koga Ninja] [Episode guide - Iga Ninja] [Episode guide - Black Ninja] [Episode guide - Fuma Ninja] [Episode guide - Fuma Ninja Continued] [Episode guide - Ninja Terror] [Episode guide - Phantom Ninja] [Episode guide - Puppet Ninja] [Episode guide - Contest of Death] [Ruth Manley] [Biographies of Real People Mentioned in The Samurai] [Home]